विर्जिनियाविश्वविद्यालय:
कक्षाकार्यम्
( 9 / xi / 2004 )
English, Russian, French, Spanish, Arabic, Hebrew, and most other
languages in which objects generally follow their verbs have relative
constructions which follow their nouns, are full clauses, and commonly
interrupt the main clause:
a. [The car (that I bought from you) runs
well].
b. [maina (kotoruju ja kupil ot
tebja) xoroo xodit].
c. [La voiture (que tu m'as vendue) marche
bien].
d. [as-sayyâratu (al-lati itarait-ha
min-ka) tasîru sayran jayyadan].
Tamil, Tibetan, Marathi, Japanese, Turkish, Korean, and other languages in
which objects mostly precede their verbs have relative constructions which
precede their nouns, are adjectives or participles, and rarely if ever
interrupt the main clause:
e. [(nâ vôngiTendu vângina
kâru) nânâ voDardu].
f. [(nge khyer� tsane
ny-pe moTe te) yakpo dogidu'].
g. [( मी
तुझ्याकडून घेतलेली गाडी ) छान चालते ].
h. [(boku no kimi kara karita kuruma)-wa yoku
hairiru].
Although Sanskrit (along with other languages of northern India) usually
puts objects before their verbs, its relative constructions belong to a
third type: They are full clauses which do not interrupt their main
clauses. They may occur either to the right or (more commonly) to
the left of the main [aka 'co-relative'] clause. If to the left,
they include their nouns:
i. ( यम् रथम्
अहम् त्वद् अक्रीणाम् ) [ स साधु चलति ].
However, if the relative clause comes after the main clause, it is then
the main clause that includes the noun:
i'. [ स रथ: साधु
चलति ] ( यम् अहम्
त्वद् अक्रीणाम् )
Notice that the case of the noun रथ
is determined by the structure of the particular clause that it appears
in. In (i) as the direct object of the verb अक्रीणाम् the noun रथ gets the accusative case.
In (i') as the subject of the verb चलति it gets the nominative case.
A. Examine the following complex sentences taken from actual
Sanskrit texts. Using parentheses for relative clauses and brackets
for main or co-relative clauses, demarcate and identify their clausal
constituents. Compare them with their English translations.
Does the order of clauses in Sanskrit differ from the order of the
corresponding clauses in English? Can the English version be
changed to better reflect the order of clauses in Sanskrit, yet still
sound like natural English? [Rules of सन्धि have been largely suspended to ease
comparison.]
j. उपायेन हि
तत् कुर्याद् यद् न शक्यं
पराक्रमै: । [ from हितोपदेश (ii, 10), Lanman's
Sanskrit Reader, p 33.]
'That which is not possible through
strength one may do by stratagem.'
k. यदा यदा हि
धर्मस्य ग्लानिर् भवति भारत ।
अभ्युत्थानम् अधर्मस्य तदा
ऽत्मानम् सृजामि अहम् ।। ७ ।। [
from भगवद्गीता (iv, 7) ]
'Whenever there is a decline in
dharma, Bhârata, and an upsurge in its opposite, I inject
myself (into the world).'
l. दमयन्ती तु
यं हंसं समुपाधावद् . . . स . . . दमयन्तीम्
. . . अब्रवीत् ।। २६ ।।।
'The swan that Damayanti ran towards �
spoke to Damayanti.'
[ from नलोपाख्यानम् (i, 26) as
cited in C.R. Lanman's Sanskrit Reader, &bsp;page 3.]
m. अग्ने यं
यज्ञं . . .
परिभूर् असि . . . स
इद् देवेषु गच्छति ।। ४ ।।
'O Agni, the offering you encompass �
(that's the one that) goes to the gods.' [ from ऋग्वेद (I.1.4).]
n. येषाम्
अहम् . . . ईश्वराणाम्
. . . न पादरजसा
तुल्यो मनस् ते तेषु
वर्तताम् ।। ६।।
'Let your mind turn (and dwell) on
those gods to the dust of whose feet I can't be compared.'
[ from नलोपाख्यानम् (iv, 6) as
cited in C.R. Lanman's Sanskrit Reader, page 10.]
B. Making whatever other changes are needed, reverse the order of
relative and co-relative clauses in the following complex sentences.
Observe rules of सन्धि. Translate
:
o. स रथो मम
भगिन्या भवति यस्तत्र तिष्ठति।
p. तान्
बालानानयामि ये ऽत्र वसन्ति।
q. यो बाल:
सन्स्कृतं पठति तस्मै पुस्तकं यच्छ।
r. तं प्रासादमहं
विशेयमेव यस्मिन् सा वसति।
s. यस्माद्
बालात् त्वमेतत्सर्वमविन्दस्तस्य नाम
किम् ?
t. तस्या नगर्या
नाम किं यस्यां त्वमेतानि फलान्यविन्द: ?
u. अद्य
('today') मम भगिनीस्तं
बालमपश्यत् येन विना न जीवेत्।
v. तस्या नद्या नाम
रिवानेति भवति यस्यामावां वसाव:।
C. Translate the following into Sanskrit using the relative
correlative construction:
w. The boy who is standing there is my
sister's son.
x. The girls to whom I gave the jewels live
here.
y. I saw the man whose house this is.
D. Write two more examples of the relative co-relative
construction. Translate them.
z.
aa.
To index of Sanskrit pages.
Drafted and posted 5-9 Nov 2004.