यूनिवर्सिटीज़ आफ़ मिशिगन ऐंड विर्जिनिया
Participles.
A participle is a form derived from a verb that
is used as an adjective. In Hindi there are three participles:
1. The participles in -वाला (see review):
हम छै बजे चलनेवाली बस की इन्तज़ार में हैं ।
'We're waiting for the bus that leaves at
six.'
2. The present participle in -ता (हुआ) :
चलती (हुई) गाड़ी से मत उतरो !
'Dont get off a moving train.'
3. The past participle in -या (हुआ) :
देवताओं को चखे हुए फल चढ़ाए नहीं जाते ।
'You don't offer the gods fruit that's already
been tasted.'
These participles provide alternatives to the use of relative clauses in
certain tenses.
1'. The -वाला participle usually
substitutes for a relative clause in a habitual or progressive tense:
हम बस की इन्तज़ार में हैं जो छै बजे चलती है।
सामने से आनेवाली एक गाड़ी मेरी गाड़ी से टकरा गई ।
'An oncoming car struck mine.'
एक गाड़ी जो सामने से आ रही थी मेरी गाड़ी से टकरा गई .
2'. The present participle usually substitutes for a progressive
tense:
गाड़ी से तब मत उतरो जब वह चल रही हो ।
3'. The past participle usually replaces a clause in a past or
perfect tense:
जो फल चखे गए हों वह देवताओं को नहीं चढ़ाए जाते ।
Of the three, the past participle is perhaps the most
commonly used and certainly the most complex. When made from an
intransitive verb it modifies its subject:
4. जली हुई रोटियां अलग रखो।
'Put the burnt rotis to one side.'
However, if made from a transitive verb, it modifies its object:
5. मेरे जलाए हुए प्रेमपत्र कैसे पढ़ोगी तुम ?
'How will you read my loveletters if I've burnt
them?'
This means that the present participles corresponding to past participles
(like किया हुआ) are explicitly marked passives (like किया जाता हुआ) and that
किया हुआ means the same thing as किया गया हुआ:
6. किये हुए कामों और किये जाते हुए कामों में बहुत फ़र्क़ है।
'There is a lot of difference between something
that is done and something that is being done.'
When expressed, the agent of a transitive past participle normally gets
का:
7. तुम्हारा सूट गांव के दर्ज़ी का सिया हुआ लगता है।
'Your suit looks like it was sewn by a village
tailor.'
Only with a few reflexive transitives like पी-, खा-, and पहन- may a past participle modify its agent.
8. उसके निराशा-भरे शब्दों ने धनिया के चोट खाये हुए हृदय
में आतंकमय कम्पन-सा डाल
दिया था।
'These despondent words of his filled Dhaniya's
bruised heart with a tremor of dread.'
(from Chapter One of गोदान )
When the past participle of a transitive verb is used as a predicate
adjective to express a state, the ने
that is ordinarily found with the subject disappears:
9. गोबर चमाचम बूट
पहने हुए था।
'Gobar was wearing shiny new shoes.' (from
Chapter Twenty of गोदान. Context.)
Notice that in (9) although the past participle पहने हुए modifies the masculine
singular गोबर, it assumes a
masculine oblique "default" form.
For some speakers, when the past participle is of a
transitive verb, the हुआ part shows
adjectival agreement [ हुई in (10)],
while the main verb remains in the default form [ बाँधे in (10)]:
10. वह नीली साड़ी बाँधे
हुई ख़ूबसूरत औररत मेरी घरवाली
है।
'That beautiful woman wearing the blue sari is my
wife.'
For other speakers the ने remains
with the subject and both parts of the past participle agree with the
direct object:
11. " यह घर उसके लिए ऐसी सराय
है जिसने उसे
मुफ़्त पनाह दी हुई है
'For her this home is an inn which has given her free
refuge (=lodging)...'
Of course, if the direct object takes को, then both parts of the verb take the
masculine singular default in -आ:
12. " बहुत बिगाड़ा हुआ है
तुमने लड़की को.ाम्प्ऌ.ाम्प्ऌ.ाम्प्ऌ तीस से तो ऊपर
हो गयी, शादी कब
करेगी ?"
"You have completely spoiled your girl. Over thirty!
When will she get married?"
(from सुषम
बेदी's short story चिड़िया
औरर चील.)
There are also a few idioms (like English "a well-read
but very drunken man") in which the past participle of a transitive verb
modifies its agent while its patient is elided:
13. पढ़े-लिखे होकर भी तुम ऐसे
चोरी करते हो ?
'Even though you're educated you steal like this?'
Past participles of verbs that, for the most part,
describe changes in bodily position or condition, may have present stative
meanings: बैठा 'sitting',
लेटा 'lying', पड़ा 'lying around', सोया 'sleeping', सम्भाले 'balancing', लिये 'holding', पकड़े 'clutching', छिपा 'hiding', छिपाए 'concealing', etc.:
14. बिल्ली खिड़की में
लेटी हुई थी।
'The cat was lying in the window.'
15. तुम्हारा कबाड़ा यहाँ
कब का पड़ा हुआ है।
'Your junk's been lying around here for ages.'
As we saw in example (9) if such past participles governing objects are
used predicatively they do not usually agree with their subjects (16) or
their objects (17), but assume instead a default form in -ए :
16. मेरी चचेरी बहन चाचाजी का
हाथ पकड़े हुए थी।
'My cousin was clutching my uncle's hand.'
17. शोभा ने कहा --
ताड़ी तो
पिये हुए हो, उस पर
कहते हो, एक पैसा भी
न छोड़ा !
'Shobha said, 'Here you are, drunk on toddy, and you
claim he didn't let you have even one pice!'
(from Chapter Seventeen of गोदान )
These forms may function as complementizers in
parallel to V-ता, V-ते and V-ते V-ते:
18. मैं बैठे
बैठे तंग आ गया हूँ।
'I am tired of sitting around.'
19. नर्स ने मरीज़ को
मेज़ के नीचे सोये हुए
पाया।
'The nurse found the patient sleeping under the
table.'
Like forms in -ते ( हुए ) they may also serve as adverbs to the main
verb:
20. हाथों में सारा
सामान सम्भाले हुए वह दरवाज़ा खुलने की
प्रतीक्षा में बाहर खड़ी हुई थी।
'Balancing everything in her hands she was standing
outside waiting for the door to open.'
Both the present and the past participles figure in को-expressions of elapsed time:
21. अब दिलीप को चीनी पढ़ते
हुए बारह साल हो गए होंगे।
'Dilip must have been studying Chinese for twelve
years now.'
22. उसको तैरना सीखे हुए
दो हफ़्ते भी नहीं हुए कि उसने गंगा
नदी पार करके दिखा दी। (or दिया )
'It hadn't been two weeks since he learned to swim
when he showed he could swim across the River Ganges.'
See further examples and a detailed discussion of the use of participles in time expressions.
An earlier version of these notes appears as § 21B of Hindi Structures, pp.
201-203.
Exercise.
English to Hindi translation
exercise.
To index of grammatical notes.
To index of मल्हार.
Keyed in by विवेक अगरवाल 1-2 May
2002. Posted 4 May 2002. Proofread and linked 6-7 May 2002. Augmented and
relinked 16 June 2002.