यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ़ मिशिगन
Notes on V-नेवाला with
नहीं or कौन.
Hindi-Urdu speakers use the
infinitive in -वाला together with a
negative or an interrogative pronoun to express strong disapproval,
disbelief, defiance, or denial:
(1) यह मिलवालों
औरर किसानों के बीच का मुआमला है।
सरकार इसमें दख़ल देनेवाली कौन ?
'This matter is between the
mill-owners and the farmers. Who is the government to interfere?'
(from
प्रेमचन्द's गोदान,
Chapter Twenty-two. See context.)
(2) घर तुम्हारा, मालिक तुम, मैं भला कौन होती
हूँ, तुम्हें
घर से निकालनेवाली ?
'The house belongs to you. You're the
lord and master. Who am I to throw you out of your house?!'
(from गोदान, Chapter Four. See context.)
(3) जब भैया ने पन्द्रह
रुपये में सौदा कर लिया, तो यह बीच में कूदनेवाली
कौन !
'When Brother has made the deal for 15
rupees, who is she to jump into the middle?'
(from गोदान, Chapter Four. See context.)
(4) वह मुझसे मज़ाक़ करती
है, दिखाती है कि मुझे तेरी
परवाह नहीं है;
लेकिन मैं हिम्मत हारनेवाला मनुष्य
नहीं हूँ।
'She makes fun of me, shows that she
doesn't care one bit about me. But I am not a man to lose heart.'
गोदान, Chapter Seven. See context.
To express denial, disbelief, etc. a जो-clause with the infinitive can almost always
be used instead of V- ने वाला.
Compare (5b) with (6):
(5a) कुमार की क्या राय है,
वे जायेंगे या
नहीं ?
'What does the prince have to say
about this? Will he go or not?'
(from चन्द्रकान्ता, Chapter Four.)
(5b) आप ख़ुद जानते
हैं कि कुमार काल से भी डरनेवाले
नहीं, वह जालीम ख़ाँ
क्या चीज़ है !
'You yourself know that the prince
is not one to fear Death Itself. What is Zalim Khan in comparison?'
(from चन्द्रकान्ता, Chapter Four.)
(6) ओंकारनाथ उन
आदमियों में नहीं है जो इन
धमकियों से डर जाय।
'Omkarnath is not one of those men who
fears threats such as these.'
(from गोदान, Chapter Six. See context.)
Indeed, at times such clauses must be used:
(7) फिर किसकी हिम्मत है, जो उस पर हँसे
'Then who would have the nerve to
laugh at her ... ?'
(from गोदान, Chapter Twenty-six. See context.)
(8a) कुमार : तुम्हारे मालिक का क्या नाम है ?
'The prince: "What is the name of your
master?"'
(8b) एक : ऐसी किसकी मजाल है जो हमारे
मालिक का नाम ले !
'One (of the women): "Who would dare
to utter the name of our master?"'
(from चन्द्रकान्ता, Chapter Four.)
See more notes on मजाल with infinitives or जो-clauses.
Note from कुसुम
जैन: The person, number, and gender of the subject in the
main clause may carry over into a जो-clause like that in (5b) just in case there
is no intervening predicate noun:
(9a) मैं ऐसी नहीं
हूँ जो तुम्हें धोखा /
दे / / दूँ।
'I am not the sort to deceive you.'
If a predicate noun such as औररत (9b) or कौन (9c) intervenes, such carry-over is
blocked:
(9b) मैं ऐसी औररत
नहीं हूँ जो तुम्हें धोखा
दे।
'I am not the sort of woman to deceive
you.'
(9c) मैं ऐसी कौन
हूँ जो तुम्हें धोखा
दे।
'Who am I to deceive you?'
More on जो-clauses with the subjunctive.
Exercise on V- नेवाला with interrogatives or
negatives.
Other sections dealing with negation:
1. मजाल
है ! Warning and
warding off.
2. मार
खाए बिना नहीं मानता : Without V-ing.
3. रहा
नहीं जाता : Passive of incapacity
4. बनाए
न बने : Paired
verbs and incapacity.
5. जाने का नाम नहीं लेता
: Empahtic
negation.
Back to index of grammatical notes.
Back to index of Mellon project.
Drafted 3-5 Jan 2001. Posted on 5-8 Jan 2001. Augmented 14 Jan
2001. IE-enabled 15 June 2002. Cross-referenced 22 Aug 2004.