यूनिवर्सिटी ऑफ़ मिशिगन
उल्लू बनाकर छोड़ दिया :  Compound compound verbs
        One of the distinctive features of Hindi-Urdu and other South Asian languages is the use of conjunctive participles to express sequenced or linked actions:
 1.  लकड़हारे ने हिरन को एक ठूँठ पर उतारकर रख दिया . . .
        'The woodcutter lowered the deer and put it on a stump...'
        (from Chapter Seven of  गोदान.  See context.)
Each action in such a sequence may have its own direct object:
  2.  तब मैं तुम्हारा साथ दो बूँद आँसू गिराकर छोड़ दूँगी . . .
        'Then I'll shed a few tears and leave you...'
        (from Chapter Thirty-three of  गोदान.  See context.)
In principle, verb sequences like those in (1) and (2) can be rephrased as conjunctions of independent clauses:
 1'. लकड़हारे ने हिरन को उतारा औरर  ( फिर )  एक ठूँठ पर रख दिया . . .
  2'. तब मैं दो बूँद आँसू गिराऊँगी औरर  ( फिर )  तुम्हारा साथ छोड़ दूँगी . . .
        However, there also exist verb sequences in  रख दे,  छोड़ दे, and  धर दे  which resemble those in (1) and (2) but which refer to only one action.  For instance in (3) the verb  रख दे-  does not refer to some sort of putting, placing, or keeping that is conceptually distinct from the action expressed by  तोड़  'break'.  Rather, the presence of  रख दे-  expresses the fullness and completeness of the imagined act of breaking bones:
 3.  तेरा मरद तुझे पीटेगा,  तेरी हड्डी तोड़कर रख देगा।
        'Your man will beat you.  He will break your bones to bits.'
        (from Chapter Twenty-one of  गोदान.  See context.)
Sequences like those in (3) cannot be rephrased as conjunctions of two clauses:
 3'.  तेरा मरद . . . तेरी हड्डी तोड़ेगा औरर रख देगा  (!!!)
        Use of the compound vector  छोड़ दे-  has much the same effect as use of रख दे-:
 4.  सैकड़ों को उल्लू बनाकर छोड़ दिया।
        '(X) made complete and utter fools of hundreds.'
        (from Chapter Eighteen of  गोदान.  See context.)
 5.  भोला क्या उसे भिखारी बनाकर छोड़ देना चाहते हैं?
        'Does Bhola want to make him into an absolute beggar?'
        (from Chapter Fourteen of  गोदान.  See context.)
The somewhat rustic verb  धर  'put; keep' also provides a compound vector  धर दे  whose use is parallel to that of  रख दे  and  छोड़ दे :
 6.  मेरी बेटी इस तरह करे तो उसकी टाँगें तोड़कर न धर दूँ.ाम्प्ऌ.ाम्प्ऌ.ाम्प्ऌ
        'If my daughter behaves like this and I don't break her legs...'
        (from  सुषम बेदी's story  चिड़िया औरर चील.  See context.)
        The use of doubly compound verbs like those in (3), (4), (5), and (6) is one way of rendering speech more categorical, vivid, and impressive:
 7. " नहीं सहबजी,  पुलिस के पास नहीं !   किसी-न-किसी बहाने वे मुझे ही बेइज़्ज़त करके रख देंगे। "
        'No, Sahab, not the police!  They will find some pretext or other to thoroughly dishonor me instead.'
        ( from  नरेन्द्र के॰ सिन्हा's story  परंपरा )
Compound-compounds are well suited to elaborate or exaggerated modes of expression:
 8.  यह बरसात की गमीर् तो मारके रख देती है आदमी को।
        'This heat that comes during the rains is a real killer!'
        ( from Chapter 7 of  मन्नू भण्डारी's novel  आपका बंटी )
So is reduplication.  In (9) both occur:
 9.  दम-के-दम में सारा गाँव जमा हो जाता औरर इसके पूरे जत्थे को पीट-पाटकर रख देता.
        'In an instant the whole village would have come together and beaten the hell out of everyone in this man's gang.'
        (from Chapter Six of  गोदान.  See context.)
         Using the compound vectors  रख दे-,  धर दे-,  or  छोड़ दे-  to form "compound-compound" verbs is limited to transitive main verbs.

 Where the meaning of the main verb is one of hasty, violent, or undesired action, the compound vectors  ( कर )  रख दे,  ( कर )  धर दे  and  ( कर )  छोड़ दे  can be replaced by  डाल.  ( See notes on vector  डाल ) :
 3'.  . . .  तेरी हड्डी तोड़ डालेगा।
 4'.  . . . सैकड़ों को उल्लू बना डाला।
 6'.  . . . टाँगें तोड़ न डालूँ.ाम्प्ऌ.ाम्प्ऌ.ाम्प्ऌ
 8'.  . . . मार डालती है आदमी को।
Vector  दे  provides a more general (but correspondingly less vivid) replacement of  रख दे,  छोड़ दे,  and  धर दे:
 3".  . . . तेरी हड्डी तोड़ देगा।
 4".  . . . सैकड़ों को उल्लू बना दिया।
 6".  . . . टाँगें तोड़ न दूँ.ाम्प्ऌ.ाम्प्ऌ.ाम्प्ऌ
 8".  . . . मार देती है आदमी को।
       Unlike double compound verbs in  रख दे-  and  धर दे  those in  छोड़ दे-  have a close relation to idiomatic serial verbs in  छोड़- :
10.  तुम सब जने एक ओर हो गये,  नहीं रुपिया को रुलाकर छोड़ती।  ( =  रुलाकर छोड़ देती )
      'You all sided (against me).  If not, I would have had Rupiya in tears.'
        (from Chapter Three of  गोदान.  See context.)
These in turn are closely parallel in meaning to expressions using V-ए बिना.  (See notes):
10'. तुम सब जने एक ओर हो गये,  नहीं रुपिया को रुलाए बिना न छोड़ती।
      'You all ganged up (on me).  If you hadn't, I would have made Rupiya cry for sure!'
The construction in (10") provides an alternative to both (10) and 10'):  (See notes  on  जब तक . . .  तब तक . . . )
10". ...  जब तक रुपिया को रुला न देती,  ( तब तक )  ( मैं )  न छोड़ती।
      '. . . I wouldn't have left Rupiya until I had her in tears!'
        Are there yet other kinds of "compound-compound" verbs?
11. ...  मैं एक झटका खा कर उठ खड़ा हुआ।
      (from  श्ाीश्ाा घाट  by  नय्यर मासूद;  thanks to Griff Chaussée)
In its context (11) seems to mean something like 'I was taken completely aback...' rather than 'I was shocked and quickly stood up...'
For more on compound-compound verbs see Hook 1974:104-8. (Not all of what is written there is correct...)
To exercise on double compound verbs.
Other sections dealing with compound verbs:
          General functions.
          Marked compound verbs ( कहे देता हूँ ! )
          Vector  डाल .
          Vector  बैठ .
          Vector  पड़ .
To index of grammatical notes.
To index of  मल्हार.
Drafted and posted 17-20 Nov 2002.  Augmented 26 Nov and 2 and 9 Dec 2002 and 9 March 2003.  Checked by  आनन्द द्विवेदी  4 Dec 2002 and by  तहसीन सिद्दीक़ी  9 Mar 2003. Augmented 2 & 7 July 2004.