यूनिवर्सिटीज़ ऑफ़
विर्जिनिया ऐंड मिशिगन
भागते-भागते गिर पड़ा : Compound verbs made with
पड़
One of the more elusive kinds of compound verbs
in Hindi-Urdu are those formed with vector पड़ :
1. सहसा धनिया ने . .
. झपटकर हीरा को इतने
ज़ोर से धक्का दिया कि वह धम से गिर पड़ा।
'All of a sudden Dhaniya lunged .
. . and knocked into Hira with such force that he fell like a
sack of potatoes.'
(from Chapter Four of गोदान. See context.)
Perhaps because of their relative antiquity compound verbs in
पड़ display a
disconcerting variety of functions and associations.
Developing an account of which function developed into
which is not easy. The attempt here will be limited to
setting out those functions and arranging them into groups.
One of the oldest uses of vector
पड़ is as a marker of the
passive of verbs of perception:
2. सहसा धनिया का कर्कश स्वर
कान में आया। हीरा की गरज भी सुन
पड़ी।
'All of a sudden Dhaniya's shrill
voice reached (Hori's) ears. Hira's shouting could also be
heard.'
(from Chapter Four of गोदान. See context.)
This use of vector पड़
is now mostly limited to the very common set phrase
जान पड़ 'seem' (from 'be
known'?):
3. होरी को ये शब्द
ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा कठोर जान पड़े।
'To Hori these words seemed
unnecessarily harsh.'
(from Chapter Four of गोदान. See context.)
In older and / or more rural forms of Hindi vector
पड़ figures as part of a
phrasal passive:
4. सब-के-सब
देखते रह गए। किसी के किये कुछ न बन पड़ा।
'Everyone looked on helplessly.
No-one could do anything.'
(from Section Three of Chapter Two
of चन्द्रकान्ता by
देवकीनन्द खत्त्री .)
( See notes for more on the बनाए न बन-construction. )
More typically vector पड़ is used with the following four
groups of intransitive verbs: A. verbs of motion, B. verbs of
appearance, C. verbs of expression of emotion, and D. verbs of
struggle and attack.
A. Verbs of motion include
चल 'walk', लौट 'return', कूद 'jump', घुस 'enter', उतर 'get down', बरस 'rain (down)', फूट 'break out; divulge',
ढुलक 'roll; slip;
drop', निकल 'exit', and
(perhaps most commonly) गिर
'fall' [example (1)]:
5. यह गधी उसके साथ चल
पड़ी।
'This little fool went with him.'
(from Chapter Ten of गोदान. See context.)
6. कार रुक गयी। मालती उतर
पड़ी औरर बिना हाथ मिलाये चली गई।
'The car stopped. Malati got
out and walked away without a by-your-leave.'
(from Chapter Fifteen of गोदान. See context.)
Notice that in these uses with verbs of motion there is
very often a downward direction:
7. इस विजय का उसे इतना
आनन्द हुआ कि बाप की गोद में रह न
सकी। ज़मीन पर कूद पड़ी ...
'She was so happy with this victory
that she couldn't remain in her father's lap. She jumped
to the ground ...'
(from Chapter Three of गोदान. See context.)
but the downwards component is not always present:
8. क्रूरसिंह मारे ख़ुशी के उछल
पड़ा।
'Krursingh leapt with joy.'
(from Section Sixteen of Chapter One
of चन्द्रकान्ता by
देवकीनन्द खत्त्री.)
Effect of point of view? In (9) the use of पड़ rather than जा as vector allows the action of
turning to be understood as towards Malati rather than as a
movement away from her.
9. मेहता लौट
पड़े औरर मालती को एक हाथ से पकड़
लिया।
'Mehta turned back and with one hand
caught hold of Malati (before she was carried away by the
current).'
(from Chapter Seven गोदान. See context.)
Comparing (10) and (11) we see an analogous distinction.
In (10) the bus has left the scene. In (11) the bus has left but the writer is in the bus:
10. आखिरी बस निकल गई तो सोचा, अब पैदल ही घर लौट जाऊँ ।
'The last bus left so I thought I'd go home on foot.'
(from शरद जोशी's novel राग भोपाली, 2009: 182)
11. कुछ मिनटों में बस निकल पड़ी ... मैं भी सोने की कोशिश करने लगा ।
'After a few minutes the bus left ... I also began trying to sleep .'
(from worldbetweenears.blogspot.com/2012/)
B. Verbs of appearance may occur with vector पड़ :
12. गोबर के
मुख पर आश्ाा की रेखा झलक पड़ी।
'A line of hope showed on Gobar's
face.'
(from Chapter Twenty-seven of
गोदान. See context.)
Verbs of more salient appearance seem to prefer vector
उठ- :
13. खन्ना के
चेहरे पर दिल की ख़ुश्ाी चमक उठी।
'Heartfelt joy shone on Khanna's
face.'
(from Chapter Fifteen of गोदान. See context.)
C. Verbs of emotional expression occurring with vector
पड़ include रो 'weep', हँस 'laugh', मुस्करा 'smile', चौंक 'start' (= 'be
startled)', etc. With पड़ as vector there is an implication of
sudden onset:
14. वह गिर पड़ी औरर उठकर
रोने लगी। सोना भी
दाँतों के निश्ाान देखकर रो
पड़ी।
'She fell down and began to wail.
Sona, too, seeing the marks of teeth, burst into tears.'
(from Chapter Twenty-one of
गोदान. See context.)
15. सहसा किसी की आहट पाकर
वह चौंक पड़ी।
'Sensing someone's approach she
suddenly started.'
(from Chapter Thirty-four of
गोदान. See context.)
Here, too, there is competition with vector उठ used for more violent reactions and
outbursts. (See remarks in R.S. McGregor's Hindi-English
Dictionary, p. 331, under चौंकना .)
D. verbs of struggle and attack commonly occurring with
vector पड़ include
लड़ 'fight', टूट 'attack; light into',
उलझ 'tangle with':
16. आज
सबेरे-सबेरे
दादा से क्यों उलझ पड़े ?
'Why did you have to tangle with
Dada first thing in the morning?'
(from Chapter Twenty-one of
गोदान. See context.)
17. तुम तो
भूखे सियार की तरह टूट पड़े।
'You fell upon (her) like a
hungry jackal.'
(from Chapter Twenty-nine of
गोदान. See context.)
Like जान in the sense of
'seem' टूट in the
sense of 'attack, fall upon' is rarely if ever seen without its
vector पड़ .
Competition. Depending on
which set of main verbs is in play other vectors compete with
पड़. With verbs of motion
the main competitor is जा :
18. " तुम भी बड़े
मुरहे हो, मुझसे कहा भी नहीं कि लौट
जाओ। "
यह कहकर वह लौट
पड़ी।
' "You are also a sneaky guy.
You didn't even tell me to go back."
' Saying this she turned back.'
(from Chapter Five of गोदान. See context.)
In (19a) the अवसर
'time, occasion' referred to is neutral, while in (19b)
अवसर is understood to
refer to bad times or to misfortune:
19a. कभी-कभी इतिहास में ऐसे अवसर
आ जाते हैं, जब धन को आंदोलन के
सामने नीचे देखना पड़ता है
...
' Occasionally there are times in
history when money has to give way to (the power of) a social
movement...'
(from Chapter Thirteen of
गोदान. See context.)
19b. तुम मुझसे
प्रेम करते हो ... औरर मुझे भरोसा है कि
आज अवसर आ पड़े तो तुम मेरी रक्षा
प्राणों से करोगे।
'You love me ... and I'm confident
that today if (bad) times were to befall me you would defend and
protect me to the last.'
(from Chapter Thirty-three of
गोदान. See context.)
While use of vector पड़ is dissonant with main verb
आ to express the coming
of good things, the use of vector जा with आ to express the coming of bad things
is by no means excluded:
19c. झगड़ा इतना बढ़ा कि
अलगौझे की नौबत आ गयी।
'The fight got so bad that in the
end separation (of the joint family) could not be avoided.'
(from Chapter Twenty-five of
गोदान. See context.)
With verbs of expression of emotion
vector पड़'s main competitor is
उठ :
20a. उसका सूना खटोला
देखकर वह रो उठती।
'Seeing his empty crib she would
burst into tears.'
(from Chapter Twenty-four of
गोदान. See context.)
20b. मातादीन ...
बोला, " कब तक रोये जाएगी,
सिलिया ! रोने से वह फिर तो न आ
जायगा। यह कहते-कहते वह ख़ुद रो पड़ा।
'Matadin ... said, "How long will
you go on crying, Siliya! Crying won't bring him back (to life).
While saying this he began crying himself.'
(from Chapter Thirty-four of
गोदान. See context.)
For a subset of verbs of expression of emotion पड़ competes with दे :
21a. अब उसकी गालियों
पर लोग हँस देते थे ...
'Now people just laughed at her
curses ...'
(from Chapter Twenty-three of
गोदान. See context.)
21b. मातादीन को देखकर
वह हँस पड़ा।
'He laughed when he saw Matadin.'
(from Chapter Thirty-four of
गोदान. See context.)
Is the laughter louder in (21a) or in (21b)?
Occasionally what appears to be
competition among vectors actually serves to distinguish
competing meanings of the main verb. For instance, the
verb भूल has two
senses: the familiar one of 'forget (something)' and the less
common one of 'err; become lost, lose ones way'. Vector
जा occurs with
भूल in the first
meaning; vector पड़
with भूल in the
second:
22. अहा ! आइये, आइये। आज रास्ता कैसे
भूल गयीं ?
'Aha! Come in, come in!
How come you forgot where you were going today?"'
(from Dialog दो सहेलियों की
बातें by कुसुम जैन. See context.)
23. धनिया ने उसे सिर
से पाँव तक आलोचना की
आँखों से देखकर कहा, "
आज इधर कैसे भूल
पड़ीं ? "
'Dhaniya gave her a critical look
from head to foot and asked, "How did you lose your way (and
wind up) over here today?"'
(from Chapter Twenty-six of
गोदान. See context.)
*
*
*
*
For further reflexion: How do
we get from easily explained instances of the use of vector
पड़- like that in (24) [where
falling is a salient feature of the event] to uses like that in
(25) where there is no element in the situation which can be
thought of, even metaphorically, as falling?
24. ... वे मालती के
चरणों की तरफ़ झुके औरर
मुँह के बल फ़र्श पर गिर पड़े।
'He leaned towards Malati's feet and
fell on his face on the floor.'
(from Chapter Six of गोदान. See context.)
25. ... जयदेव
... काँपती तथा
क्षमाथीर् आवाज़ में बोल पड़ा,
" सर, मेरी कोई ग़लती नहीं थी।
"
'... in a trembling, pleading voice
... Jayadev blurted out, "Sir, it wasn't my fault."'
(from Narendra K. Sinha's story
विडम्बना. See context.)
(NB: As a vector पड़- never
occurs with main verb पड़-.)
Exercise.
Other sections of मल्हार
dealing with compound verbs:
1. General functions of compound verbs .
2. Marked compound verbs ( कहे देता हूँ ! )
3. Vector
डाल .
4. Vector बैठ .
5. Compound-compound verbs ( गमीर् मारकर रख देती है।
)
To index of grammatical notes.
To index of मल्हार.
Keyed in 9 Jul 2004.
Augmented 10 Jul. Augmented again and
linked 13-19 & 21-22 Jul 2004.
Corrected 23 & 25 Jul 2004.
Augmented ("further reflection") 19 Aug 2004.
Additions made 13 Sep 2015.